War @ What Cost?

Mruthyunjaya Sastry Gabbita with his family 22 I was born in the year 1965. I'm the first child of my parents. My parents were Sri Gabbita Durga Prasad and Smt Prabhavati and I had a humble upbringing in a rural area. I always had a penchant for studying. I loved mathematics. I love humanities because history and civics told me a lot about how humans evolved into what we are today. My family had always been a follower of the Hindu faith, so during my upbringing, I was inculcated with the ideas like compassion, learning, and curiosity, the pillars of Hinduism. Today I have friends from all religions from around the world across the globe especially on social media! As I grown older, I realized that people are honest, kind, and lovable in general. You can trust a complete stranger to help you in a moment of crisis. You can ask and seek help from society. I remember, during my schooling, my class used to have students from all faiths and beliefs, many of them very close friends for me. I realize that my association with dairying is almost 4 decades old. It started during my childhood. During my childhood, we used to have both buffaloes and cows. As the eldest among my sibling, it was my duty to take care of cattle. There was an attendant hired for this job, and my responsibility was to supervise his work and finish the duty on the days of his absence. This involved taking the cattle to the nearby canal for washing, feeding them grass as well as powder brawn with water, going to our farm field to cut green grass, milking them, taking care of the calves, and occasional visit for the breeding services provider. My mother used to share some of my duties. Using the cattle dung, she used to prepare dung cakes which involves pressing and softening the dung through mixing water and dancing/stamping on the pile of dung. Later these were prepared into cakes and pasted on the wall for drying. These cow dung cakes once dried, could be kept for a long and used as fuel. One can consider these as alternatives for coal. We used these dried cakes to boil water in the clay- made furnace. During my Vuyyuru days only read a Telugu book 22 called Edu Tharaalu (seven generations) adapter from Roots by Alex Haley! There were some gobar gas units in the village but we never tried as we never had more than2 to 3 cattle. Providing drinking water to the cattle involved taking water from the well through buckets by using a rope on a rotating metal/wooden wheel. In summer, drawing such huge quantities of water is really hard work, a test of strength. Among the cattle, we even had one jersey cow. As we grew, we found it difficult to maintain the cattle and got rid of them. Finding a responsible attendant was harder. I was putting more time in my studies. I never realized this childhood tasks would give me strong bonding with the Dairy industry at later stages of my life. During my Intermediate study days, enacted two comedy dramas! One was as a lady character! The other was as a comedian in a comedy drama called Bussu Missu! After my Intermediate in my native village (Vuyyuru), I moved to Kurnool for my Degree (3 years 1981-84), then to Hyderabad for my DCA (1 year- 1984-85), then to Anand for study at IRMA (PGDRM-1985-87). During my Silver Jubilee days read a lot of English books such as Exodus, Airport, Hotel, Wheels etc. My association with the dairying and dairy industryre-started with my admission into IRMA. We visited the Amul dairy factory/plant, the village milk collection cooperatives, the cattle feed factory in Kanjari, etc. even before the course started Our curriculum involved many case studies and assignments involving Amul. We also did a project to look at the possibility of decentralizing their Kapadwanj and other chilling centers. Suitably so, Amul gave me an offer of an appointment at the end of my course. I had to start somewhere, so I joined Amul in April 1987. My work with Amul involved working with basically the Production (Milk products) department or Factory, Cattle feed factory, Societies division, and to a little extent Quality Control division and Technical Services division. Since I wanted to do computer-related work in the organization, I was doing all sorts of number crunching in different divisions of Amul. In the production division it was mostly related to the analysis of milk arrived at the factory using Lotus123 and dBase. I was also looking at the quality aspect of some of the products such as butter, ghee, etc. 22 Then I was placed in Kanjari Cattle feed factory, 20 km away from Anand. I was staying in the Quarters and analyzing the usage of raw materials from the linear programming and OR point of view. The smell of cattle feed factory premises is such that it always remained in my mind for a long time. I also worked in their Societies division for a while, where my work involved similar number crunching and database for a variety of needs such as to understand the sourage of milk, apportioning the scarce cattle feed to the societies based on their milk procurement so on and so forth. I finally left Amul in the year 1989. About a year later, I joined Tata Consultancy Services. I worked firstin Chennai and then moved to Hyderabad. During my Chennai days I used to purchase second hand cheap books and donate to the meritorious students of Vuyyutu High school! Used to visit Madras Institute of Development Research etc. Used to go on long walks from Goapalapuram and Bishop Wallers TCS office. Thinned down a lost and also lost of hair. I saw the world changing during this period. Liberalization was initiated. In the process, the Union government introduced Milk and Milk Products Orders. Old cooperatives like Amul etc. vehemently opposed this order that opened the path of corporate investment in the dairy-related industry. They feared that big-pocket investors like Tata would throw them out of business. At Chennai I worked with Chintamani and Kamadhenu super markets. Wanted them to study Grahak Panchayat model. By the time Niliigiri and other super markets started springing up! During my association with TCS Hyderabad worked for Girijan cooperative Corporation and Tribal welfare department for an assignment supported by IFAD. I did a reasonably good job. My main work was providing implementation support to GCC. In Apr/June 1995 the Government of Andhra Pradesh enacted a liberal cooperative law called MACS Act. In Dec 1995 I joined the organization, Cooperative Development Foundation which drafted the MACS Act for the AP government and my responsibility to propagate and popularize the law within AP among several stakeholders. In about a year, the dairy cooperative promoters started showing in the legislation and its adoption- basically conversion from the old 1964 platform to the new MACS act platform. Thus, I started getting involved in the dairy industry. In the process, I attended the General Body, board, and core task group meetings of Sangam dairy(Gunturu). Krishna dairy and Vizag dairy for preparing the resolutions, bye-laws, providing clarifications, etc. 22 The heads of these three unions were leaders of the Telugu Desam party. Thus, I got involved with local-level politicians and did some amount of local politicking too. Somewhere in 1999 I have been nominated to Theodor Heuss Academie or FNF International Academy for Leadership. I was the lone survivor of the 1999 batch, who is in in still in touch with the institute. After that, CDF also started showing interest in promoting women’s dairy cooperatives under MACS legislation in Karimnagar district to start with. I was involved in the initial potential survey. After 1999, again now in 2012-13, I got an opportunity to take part in the National Dairy Plan through DRS. This involves local field survey in rural areas especially with dairy farmers to understand their production patterns, constraints, if supporting environment exists for cattle rearing, grazing, fodder, animal health and husbandry, breeding, milk procurement and collection etc. For me, it is almost a full circle. I don't know whether it is due to my childhood familiarity or my formal rural management qualification, dairy continues to be the touch base with me whether intended or unintended. But I can’t resist comparing myself with the situation of the lead character in Herman Hesse's work "Siddhartha" where he comes across the people and places, even after passing of several years. I know how some of the poorest people in the world survive in their day-to-day life. It is not that they are poor for the lack of will, or because they don’t want to work or the work is laborious or with full of drudgery. They are poor for the lack of support. For the lack of opportunity and for the lack of infrastructure. In India, there is no government-backed healthcare system, and the condition of government hospitals is well known. There is a huge government schooling system, but even that is not far from controversies and limitations. If you are an uneducated farmer, you 22 hope to give your kid an education to excel in life. But if your kid studies in a government school, there are slim chances that he'll get the quality of education required to beat the upcoming competition. Your son's school may not have a roof, may not have a blackboard, or may not have a teacher. This is common in the schools of rural India. Similar is the situation of the healthcare system in India. What you get in the hospital is a lucky chance - if you're blessed, you may survive an emergency. There are cases when there were no doctors at all in a designated government hospital. There are fewer medical equipment and mostly old and barely usable. When a news about doctors performing lifesaving surgeries in candle lights comes out of rural India, we shamelessly read and even if we react, the reaction is confined to our luxurious living rooms. We don’t question the governments. Back to my professional life, after Amul, I worked in Tata Consultancy Services, One of the biggest tech company in India as per its Market Capitalization. I worked as Management Consultant. I worked on projects for Girijan Cooperative Corporation with regard to establishing sustainable collection and marketing systems of NTFP mainly Gum Karaya forest produce. I also wrote proposals for several consultancy projects and successfully executed projects related to industrial growth centers and cooperative super markets. Such projects further gave me exposure of how cooperative societies work, and how such efforts are being taken by people to create sustainable businesses for benefits of a large number of otherwise destitute people. After completing five years in Tata Consultancy Services, I joined Cooperative Development Foundation an apex NGO working for a liberal legal and operational environment for cooperatives in the year 1995. As an Advisor, I provided professional support to about 60 NGOs and more 22 than a thousand cooperatives in United Andhra Pradesh. I also advocated with Madhya Pradesh and Karnataka state governments to introduce legislation for strengthening of the cooperative movement in their states, similar to Andhra Pradesh Mutually Aided Cooperative Societies (APMACS) Act, 1995. This job gave me the opportunity to travel to Germany to attend a training programme on the role of civil society in transition economies. This gave me the first hand understanding of the global environment. I still treasure the certificate. The seminar was at Theodor Heuss Academie also known as FNF International Academy for Leadership. The Institute belongs to Frederic Naumann Stiftung political party which advocate for liberal values across the globe. The seminar was participatory and involved youth of around the globe from, including South Asia and Latin America. Telangana Natural Resource Management Network is a consortium of 15 NGOs in Telangana region of Andhra Pradesh supported by Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation/Interco operation. In Telangana Natural Resource Management Network, as Network Coordinator, I installed democratic systems of network management, internal control, and monitoring. systems within the network. With the aid of skilled experts on various subjects, facilitated capacity building of member NGO staff and community members on water management, watershed development, non-pesticidal management, Organic farming, dairying, sustainable agricultural management, advocacy and lobbying. I also helped imparting professional support and strategies to the network thereby enabling them to establish links with resource organizations such as CRIDA, WASSAN, ICRISAT, NDDB, CWS, IIED, Water Conservation 22 Mission. I am still in touch with many of these organizations. I also mobilized funds to the tune of Rs 50 lakhs from various funding organizations including SDC/IC, and representatives of the network in district, state and national forums on natural resource management. My work involved facilitating cross-learning of NGOs and their functionaries through several workshops, field visits and exposure visits, information collection, information dissemination across Internal and external sources which are essential functions of network were facilitated by me during the period. I also took the stand for scrapping of grazing policy which was prohibiting grazing of goats and sheep through a series of community consultations at village level, mandal level, district level and state level. In all, I played a key role in organization and development of Water and Sanitation project supported by WaterAid to be implemented in Warangal district in excellent collaboration with district administration. In 2005, I joined as Program Officer at International HIV/ AIDS Alliance. This is an international NGO working in the field of public health with special focus on HIV/ AIDS. There, my achievements ranged from enabling State level CBO networks, with a membership of 17000 to conceptualize and take a decision on their form of association, design of the association, formalization of the association and establish themselves as an autonomous body, playing central role in capacity building of the network in leadership, governance and decision making, advocating for the CBO networks and their members with government and NRHM functionaries for extending the health insurance scheme to the members of CBOs, undertaking key role in preparation of proposal for second phase (2009-2012) of the programme worth $14 million which has been approved, preparing justification for $ 0.5 million dollars as supplement grant for phase I (2008-2009) which has been sanctioned. I also advocated with government for harm reduction programme to be initiated in 5 major cities of AP, and attended International Training 22 Program on Harm Reduction at Bangkok. I also managed projects of 6 NGOs with CBO membership of 10000 with an outlay of Rs 3 crores, and handled multiple funding donors and capacity building institutions such as PATH, Constella Futures,FHI, CFAR, APMG, SASO, HLLFPPT etc. for capacity building of the community as well as NGO functionaries After spending 3 years at International HIV/AIDS Alliance, I joined Freshwater Action Network South Asia, a consortium of CSOs in South Asia working on WATSAN issues, as a Regional Coordinator. There, I led the network building process through National Conveners in India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Nepal; supported the SACOSAN CSO consultation process and its influence on the Ministerial process; engaged with Sanitation and Water for All (Global Framework for Action)to lobby FANSA to be its partner and interim-core-group; supported the World Bank CSO consultation process; enabled the CSOs to follow-up on the Delhi Declaration; and played a supportive role in grant management, communication, advocacy. Media relation processes. Working there gave me a lot of international exposure. During this period, I visited the Netherlands (Amsterdam), Turkey (Istanbul), Bangladesh (Dhaka – thrice) Sri Lanka (Colombo/Negombo thrice),and Costa Rica. The visit to Costa Rica helped me in understanding that a country can survive without defense forces. A year and a half later, I joined Development and Research Services as Senior Manager. I did the study on the functioning of the Regional Capacity building unit set up by UNICEF and the Government of Karnataka. I also did the Study on Ragging for the Ministry of Human Resource Development in AP and a Study on insurance policies for Ministry of Textiles in AP. I evaluated the impact of Don Bosco group of technical education in institutions in AP with CMS. I did the Baseline study of Disaster Risk Reduction for Indian Red cross Andhra Pradesh with CMS. I also 22 did evaluation of 4 NGOs in Surat district as per NACO guidelines for GSACS. I did the Study for Ministry of Family welfare on National Rural Health Mission's media campaign evaluation and the study for Department of Drinking Water on the evaluation of their media campaign. I did the Skill gap assessment study for AP- commissioned by REEMAP, National Skill Development Corporation along with Accenture- talking to industrialists, youth, training institutes, govt officials, and did the Quality checking of survey for the Comprehensive Transportation Study for Hyderabad Metro Train and Lea Associates. I have about 20 years of experience in the field of NGOs, Cooperatives and Organisations. I have worked with some of the sharpest minds working for the better of humanity. I have witnessed poverty in its dirtiest forms. I have also seen how providing money to people for whom it means the most can empower a community to overcome the obstacles of misery. mean for a multi-billionaire business tycoon living in a billion-dollar mansion, flying in a five hundred million dollars private jet plane? Probably nothing more than five minutes of their time. They earn more than that while taking a bath. But what does it mean for a poor farmer whose years' worth of hard work has been destroyed in flood or famine? It is worth more than the life of his whole family. Capitalist systems have a belief that makes unlucky people the biggest culprits. If I am born in a poor family, have no access to education, have no formal training in the skill that I have chosen to earn my bread through, it is my weakness, it is my excuse that I failed. Nothing is farther from the truth. I Have nothing against capitalist system. I Advocate them to be more humane 22 I have seen people who wake up early in the morning and start working, and they keep working until they are done, whether it is night or the next dawn. These people are not smart. They do not know the modern technologies. They do not have access to expert technical know-how and their traditional knowledge gives them no advantage. But it is not their fault. It is because they do not have access to education. They do not have access to cheap or interest free loans. They do not know the government schemes. They are intimidated by the formalities to avail government's schemes. They are not lazy. They are uneducated. They are not illiterate by choice, but by situation. Their income cannot afford modern education in a private school and government schools are run only on paper. Many of the government schools do not have enough infrastructure or trained teachers to give quality education. 22 And it's not just about rural infrastructure, it’s not just about India. We are undergoing a global pandemic. Most of the governments have provided free vaccination, but tell me how many governments have provided free treatment if caught coronavirus? The private players have made fortunes from the pandemic. Then there is this global catastrophe waiting to happen. Global warming, climate change, ever growing pollution. Why are governments so lenient about these topics? Why are only wars are being discussed and weapons are being traded when we need to discuss how we are going to survive Global Warming? Why is a major part of government expenditure goes into defense sector, while there are no jobs in the market that's talking about Global Recession? Look at our once-us neighbor - Pakistan. Internet is full of videos of common people quarreling among themselves for the barest necessities - flour, rice, fruits and vegetables… and look at the money their government is spending on? Another fleet of nuclear Capable missiles. What will they do with the nukes if their population is dying of hunger? Can they eat uranium? I won't shy from saying that most of my fellow humans have a certain love affair with wars and violence. We think of it as an ultimate solution - between groups, races, political ideologies at conflict. "Let us battle it out in the war zone and let the victorious be proven righteous." - this is the kind of social mindset people have in the world. China wants to dominate Taiwan. Taiwan 22 wants to inflict damage on China. Russia is already bombing Ukraine, and Ukraine is giving Russia enough pain in return. Similar sorts of armed conflicts are going in many other parts of the world. Problem is, people get offended on the point of patriotism too quickly. They don't think rationally when it comes to the subject of patriotism, valor and sacrifice. They think War is the ultimate proof of patriotism. In fact, the World Bank report of 1993 by Daniel Landau depicts that Military Expenditures do help in increasing the overall GDP of a country! But is our thinking right? Does the world belong to a very few soldiers and not to a lot more farmers? Does the world belong to a few corrupt politicians or does it belong to millions of kind hearted, helpful normal people who are doing their duty without any desire of a return? I love my country, but I don't want to kill my neighbors to prove that. I want to make sure that farmers get support to grow their crops. I want to make sure that every kid in the remotest part of the country goes to school. I want to make sure that every citizen of my country has access to quality healthcare. I love my country this much that I want each citizen of my country to have a great standard of life. This is why I'm fighting for the idea that governments should spend less on defense, and more on education, healthcare and social support. Normal people and intellectuals think that Military/defense budgets are sacred and sacrosanct. They should not be discounted or reduced. But it’s not so. In a balanced economy, money that is being spent and money invested should generate revenue or assets. If it’s just overheads and not productive and cause unnecessary damage to the neighbouring countries and environment. it should at best be avoided. When we spend money in defence budget, we deny or strain our other responsibilities. We need better healthcare, better schools, better roads, more greenary and better infrastructures in the cities and rural areas. Our movies and literature often support the idea of war. These depict war as an opportunity to prove someone's courage, strength, and patriotism. The idea of fighting for a noble cause or protecting one's homeland may be seen as heroic and romantic. The world bank data says that the share of military expenditure has gone down significantly from 6.3% of the GDP in 1960’s, to 2.2% in 2021, but still, 104 countries are spending more than 10000 USD per person per year as on 2019. This is a staggering number. This can be avoided. World is facing severe recession and inflation. It is yet to recover from Covid pandemic and is already going through Russia- Ukraine war capable of turning into the third world war. We all know both sides have horrific number of weapons of mass destruction, and every capability to destroy each other. We also know that a lot of diplomatic solution is still possible, but it seems like the politicians are not willing to solve this crisis. During the Covid era, Military spendings throughout the world stagnated at 2.3% average, while in countries with conflicts, it went up. Also, the IMF report states that a country that belongs to any of the eight major military alliances in the world has certain obligations when it comes to military spending, while also benefiting from the spending of other alliance members. 22 The 2022 GPI finds that the world became less peaceful for the eleventh time in the last 14 years, with the average level of country peacefulness deteriorating by 0.3 per cent over the past year. Figure 1.1 shows the change in the average levels of peacefulness in the overall score and for each of the GPI domains, as well as the percentage of countries that improved or deteriorated. In total, peacefulness improved in 90 countries and deteriorated in 71, highlighting that falls in peacefulness are generally larger than improvements. 4 Then there is Costa Rica, a country that I visited in the year 2010. It has no defense budget and thus, it doesn’t even contribute the global average of 2.2% of their national GDP into defense sector. But then it’s a no-brainer that Costa Rica can do it as it has no territorial dispute with any other country, unlike India and Pakistan, or all the neighbors of China. It’s not even comprehensible for someone living in India imagining that a world without border issues can exist. For any national election the manifestos of respective political parties play a key role. It would be good if the political parties promise less for the defence budgets. It would be ideal for the people to elect the respective political parties which promise reduction in defence budgets... but it's easier to say than actually doing this. Because money, liquor, identity politics play an important role. A political party who promises to go soft on the enemy states will certainly be termed as traitors. Nobody is willing to take that badge. 22 I agree with the opinion of Nina L. Krushcheva in her article, War and Populism posted on Project Syndicate. According to her, the transactional character of governance has become increasingly pronounced – and has increasingly fostered authoritarianism. We cast our votes to advance our tribe’s interests and values, not for the good of our country, let alone the world. And, in exchange for meeting constituents’ demands – financial, religious, ideological, or otherwise – a leader effectively receives permission to ride roughshod over democratic governance and ethical norms. Hatred of a small minority can be a formidable political weapon. I am in the business of peace making and would like to see a disarmed world, without wars, for which I am pulling all my energies and contacts, theories, philosophies into promoting necessary forums, participating in the forums. It is my life's purpose to stand for the whole world, stand for my fellow humans – irrespective of regional or religious identities they have. It is my mission to tell everyone about the military – industrial complex as warned by the ex- US President Eisenhower. My mission is to warn them how the powerful companies exploit their emotions related to motherland, and often conspire with opposite parties to create regional crisis, just to sell their products capable of genocide. Based on my experience and exposure, have witnessed that a country can survive without defence forces. This realization has fuelled my passion for disarmament and the belief that a world without war and violence is possible. Have seen poverty in its dirtiest forms and understand that for many people, their livelihoods are worth more than the life of their entire family. You advocate for a more humane approach to capitalism, one that recognizes the systemic barriers that prevent access to education, technical know-how, and government schemes. Experience has taught you that poverty and lack of access to education and resources are key factors that drive people into conflict and violence. Passion for disarmament is grounded in the belief that investing in education, providing access to resources, and dismantling systems of oppression can create a world without war and violence. As someone who has worked with NGOs and cooperatives and in the charity sector, you know that providing money to those who need it most can empower a community to overcome the obstacles of poverty and create a more peaceful future. With expertise and passion, we are a powerful advocate for disarmament and a world without violence. Our passion for disarmament is admirable, and Our experience in this field is a testament to Our dedication to creating a safer world. Through our work, we have demonstrated a deep commitment to the ideals of peace and security, and our efforts have made a tangible difference in promoting disarmament. Our work has shown that disarmament is not just a theoretical concept, but a practical solution to real-world problems. Our experience in disarmament has given you a unique perspective on the issues surrounding arms control, and we have developed a deep understanding of the complexities involved in achieving meaningful progress in this field. We have worked tirelessly to educate others about the dangers of nuclear weapons and the importance of disarmament, and our efforts have helped to galvanize public support for this critical issue. 22 Our passion for disarmament has also inspired others to get involved in this important work. Through leadership and example, we will show that individuals can make a difference in promoting peace and security, and we have been encouraged others to take action in their own communities. Our work has created a ripple effect that has reached far beyond your own efforts, and our legacy will continue to inspire others to work towards a safer, more peaceful world. The organisations I am part and parcel of are: Own FB and LinkedIn exclusive as promoter Water action hub hostel by Pacific institute and un organisation PRME as working group member IEP ambassador Independent director certified by directors institute - still some more steps to be cleared Common wealth foundation - civil society leader Global landscape forum - member Aby Farmers - employee as well as partner FNF global as well as south asia as well-wishers and supporter! Med Rome as an audience as well as supporter And many more invitations as audience and partner Some of the certificates I hold are: 22 22 They push through their media the narrative that patriotism is being more powerful. Its like killing someone else's mom because she is wearing a better dress than your own mother. It is just as illogical at this. This mindset has to be changed. For me, patriotism is not about killing a fellow human being. Patriotism is giving a peaceful life to our coming generations so that they can create wonderful art. I want them to become good singers, good artists, good athletes, good teachers and doctors. I want them to serve their motherland by being the best in their profession. I know the path is hard. First of all, I'll be badged a traitor. They'll say that I partnered with the enemy to destroy this country. They'll denounce my ideas, my passion as . I am ready to face all that. I want a world where loving your motherland doesn't mean dying or killing the other person loving his motherland. I want a world where young men who could have become singers, athletes or teachers and doctors are not conscripted and forced to jump into the battlefield because two old men have not reached a consensus of a very small regional issue while drinking costly wine in a luxury hotel room paid by the same young men. My first step is to find the like minded people from all over the world, and discuss ideas that can change mass’s mindset about patriotism. The more young minds we can influence the more we will be near to our goal. I know it’s not easy, I know it's a long path, but I have started. Its possible that I won’t see the day when my ideas will be realized, but I don't care. We owe a lot to this world, our real motherland, the earth, and it’s my duty to give it back. That I will do, even if I have to die for this. Today I am a member of Shine with Shaila, Rishi Sunak fans, Ratan Tata fans, Zelensky fans group, Kenya Political Forum and a no of political and apolitical groups on Facebook, Linkedin, Youtube, Whatsapp etc! Using these groups and with friends and connections help, I would like to ensure that there is no armament around the world. I am open to all school of thoughts, any ideas from any political party or its leaders. 22 present, I live at Mallapur. In my family, I have two sons Sankalp and Bhuvan, and my wife Samatha. My elder son Sankalp is a Data Scientist based at Boston as well as Los Angeles. His wife Madhuri is aspiring for MS from a US college. My younger son Bhuvan is in 4th year BTech with specialisation in Data science. He is also preparing for MS from a US university. Samatha, my wife, teaches Telugu at Hyderabad Public School, Mallapur. REFERENCES: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/MS.MIL.XPND.GD.ZS https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2021/06/military-spending-in-the-post-pandemic-era- https://www.visionofhumanity.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/GPI-2022-web.pdf https://www.project-syndicate.org/magazine/ukraine-war-russian-complicity-western-populist- enablers-by-nina-l-khrushcheva-2022-12 Further References for more data supporting my view on disarmament: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/979471468766166484/The-economic-impact-of-military-expenditures ►Securing Development: Public Finance and The Security Sector - A Guide To Public Expenditure Reviews In The Security And Criminal Justice Sectors, May 2017 http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/784781496312346560/Securing-development-public-finance-and-the- security-sector-a-guide-to-public-expenditure-reviews-in-the-security-and-criminal-justice-sectors http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/162611468739486410/Military-expenditure-threats-aid-and-arms-race ►The Economic Impact of Military Expenditures, May 1993 http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/979471468766166484/The-economic-impact-of-military-expenditures http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/633021468739234023/Military-expenditure-and-economic- development-a-symposium-on-research-issues ►Military expenditure (% of GDP) https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/MS.MIL.XPND.GD.ZS 19

War @ What Cost?

Gabbita Mruthyunjaya Sastry Biography

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